Endless war

The scourge of the age

The entire modern period is filled with bloody conflict, Despite all efforts, the religious issue remains unresolved. The dispute between Catholics and Protestants has long been smouldering, in 1618, it culminates in the Thirty Years’ War. Europe is now a single theatre of war, a theatrum belli. The result is devastation of enormous proportions. Violence afflicts everyone, regardless of age and gender. Even faith falters, people despair.

War is ubiquitous, even in art. Countless painters depict fictional fighting in their workshops. Dutch artists are particularly specialised in this. Not only major battles, but also skirmishes become themes which repeatedly portray the unleashed rage of combat. Frequently, the depictions are of soldiers robbing travellers. Since most of them are without pay and themselves destitute, they become thieves and murderers out of sheer necessity. The brutal violence perpetrated against defenceless peasants who have been robbed, tormented or killed by soldiers, is also mercilessly depicted by the painters of the time.

Image Credits

Artworks at a glance

Looting of a Village

Mercilessly depicted scenes of violence demonstrate the increased interest which art had in the warfare of the time. The numerous depictions of cruel attacks against innocent bystanders and the defenceless were products created solely in the studios. Yet they reflect everyday life in an epoch marked by the constant violence of the Thirty Years’ War, which did not grant civilians any special protection status. Among the major shortcomings of early modern warfare were constant supply shortages and pay arrears, which resulted in soldiers reserving for themselves the right to redress the balance through looting, especially to the detriment of villagers. The arbitrariness of the unbridled violence which prevailed was a feature of both sides: there was no distinction between friend and foe.

War as a professional career

The ideal of the modern military commander includes both personal bravery as well as tactical and strategic finesse. Organisational skills are crucial to keep, to lead and, above all, to pay large armies in the field: such armies are often made up of many nations. An iron will and a robust nature are indispensable to endure the rigours of life in the field.

Ruprecht von Eggenberg (1546–1611) unites these qualities in his person: a military leader of unchallenged authority, an irreplaceable and loyal aide to his crowned Lords. In the service of the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs he acquires a wealth of experience in the field. For Spain he fights under Alessandro Farnese in Flanders, for Emperor Rudolf II in the so-called “Long Turkish War” at the military border of the empire. He obtains fame and honour for his lifelong commitment, especially for his major victory over Hasan Pasha at Sisak in 1593. While the praise is great, the pay is small: usually, there is no pay. Even his monumental mausoleum in Ehrenhausen can only be completed after decades.